Cardiac surgery, also known as cardiovascular surgery or heart surgery, is a medical specialty that involves surgical procedures to treat conditions of the heart and blood vessels. Cardiac surgeons are trained to perform a wide range of procedures to diagnose and treat heart and blood vessel disorders, such as:

1. Coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG): This procedure is done to bypass blocked or narrowed coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle.
2. Heart valve surgery: This procedure is done to repair or replace heart valves that are not working properly.
3. Cardiac catheterization: This procedure is done to diagnose and treat heart and blood vessel disorders by inserting a long, thin tube called a catheter into a blood vessel and threading it to the heart.
4. Aortic surgery: this procedure is done to treat issues with the aorta, the main vessel that carries blood from the heart to the rest of the body.
5. Heart transplant: This procedure is done when a person's heart is so damaged that it no longer works properly. A heart from a deceased donor is used to replace the patient's damaged heart.
6. Minimally invasive cardiac surgery: These are new techniques that allow surgeons to perform the same procedures as traditional open-heart surgery with smaller incisions, which can result in less pain and faster recovery.

Cardiac surgery is a highly specialized field that requires extensive training and expertise. It is usually done when non-surgical treatments such as medication or lifestyle changes are not enough to treat the condition.

Coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) is the most common type of cardiac surgery. CABG is a procedure that is done to bypass blocked or narrowed coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle.

• The blocked artery is bypassed by using a healthy blood vessel from another part of the patient's body, such as the chest, leg, or arm, to create a new route for blood to flow to the heart.
• This procedure helps to improve blood flow and oxygen supply to the heart and can reduce the risk of a heart attack.
• CABG is typically recommended for patients who have severe coronary artery disease, which is a condition that occurs when the coronary arteries become narrowed or blocked by a buildup of plaque.
• This can cause chest pain (angina), shortness of breath, and other symptoms.
• CABG can also be done as an emergency procedure in patients who are experiencing a heart attack or severe chest pain.

It's important to note that CABG is a major surgery and carries some risks, but it can be life-saving and has a high success rate. The procedure and recovery time can vary depending on the patient's health, the complexity of the procedure, and other factors.

Cardiac surgery is a major surgery that can cause some discomfort and pain during and after the procedure. However, the level of pain varies depending on the type of surgery and the individual's pain tolerance.

• During the surgery, the patient will be given general anesthesia, which will put them to sleep and keep them comfortable during the procedure.
• After the surgery, patients may experience some pain and discomfort, but this can be managed with pain medication.
• The patient may also experience some chest pain, a feeling of tightness, or discomfort in the incision area.
• It's important to note that pain and discomfort can vary depending on the individual, and the recovery time is different for each person.
• Your surgeon will provide you with specific post-operative instructions and pain management strategies to help minimize pain and discomfort during recovery.

It's also important to keep in mind that cardiac surgery is a serious medical procedure, and it's important to have realistic expectations and understand that there will be some discomfort and pain associated with recovery. But it can also be life-saving and improve the quality of life of the patient.